1Topic 1
Models of the Particulate Nature of Matter
Particles, atoms, electrons, the mole and gases
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Topic 1
Models of the Particulate Nature of Matter
Particles, atoms, electrons, the mole and gases
Particles, Substances & Physical Change
Elements, compounds, mixtures, separation methods, changes of state, and particle kinetic energy.
Atomic Structure
The nuclear model of the atom, subatomic particles, isotopes, and the interpretation of mass spectra.
Electron Arrangement
The electromagnetic spectrum, emission spectra, energy levels, sublevels, orbitals, electron configurations, ionisation energy, and successive ionisation energies.
The Mole & Chemical Amounts
The mole, molar mass, empirical formula, molar concentration, Avogadro’s law, and particle calculations.
Gases
Ideal gases, molar gas volume, the ideal gas equation, and real gas behaviour.
2Topic 2
Models of Bonding & Structure
Ionic, covalent and metallic bonding, and materials
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Topic 2
Models of Bonding & Structure
Ionic, covalent and metallic bonding, and materials
Ionic Bonding
Ion formation, binary ionic compounds, and ionic lattice structures.
Covalent Bonding
Covalent bonds, Lewis structures, multiple and coordinate bonds, molecular shapes, bond polarity, molecular polarity, giant covalent structures, intermolecular forces, covalent properties, chromatography, resonance, benzene, expanded octets, formal charge, sigma and pi bonding, and hybridisation.
Metallic Bonding
Metallic structure, the properties and uses of metals, the s-block and p-block elements, and transition metal properties.
Materials & Structure
Bonding models, structure–property links, alloys, polymers, addition polymers, and condensation polymers.
3Topic 3
Classification of Matter
Periodicity and organic structural analysis
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Topic 3
Classification of Matter
Periodicity and organic structural analysis
Periodicity & Element Trends
Periodic table organisation, electron configuration patterns, periodic trends, Group 1 and Group 17 reactions, metallic and non-metallic oxides, oxidation states, ionisation energy trends, and transition element behaviour.
Organic Families & Structural Analysis
Organic formulas, functional groups, homologous series, IUPAC naming, structural isomerism, cis–trans isomerism, enantiomers, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, proton NMR, splitting patterns, and molecular structure identification.
4Topic 4
What Drives Chemical Reactions?
Enthalpy, energy cycles, fuels and spontaneity
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Topic 4
What Drives Chemical Reactions?
Enthalpy, energy cycles, fuels and spontaneity
Enthalpy Change
Heat and temperature, exothermic and endothermic reactions, energy profiles, standard enthalpy changes, and calorimetry.
Energy Cycles
Bond enthalpy, Hess’s law, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of combustion, Born–Haber cycles, and enthalpy cycle calculations.
Fuels & Energy Sources
Combustion, incomplete combustion, carbon dioxide from fuels, greenhouse links, biofuels, and fuel cells.
Entropy & Spontaneity
Entropy, standard entropy changes, Gibbs free energy, spontaneous reactions, and the links between Gibbs energy and equilibrium.
5Topic 5
How Much, How Fast & How Far?
Stoichiometry, reaction rates and equilibrium
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Topic 5
How Much, How Fast & How Far?
Stoichiometry, reaction rates and equilibrium
Amount of Chemical Change
Balanced equations, reacting masses, molar gas volume, concentration, limiting and excess reactants, percentage yield, and atom economy.
Reaction Rates
Reaction rate, experimental rate measurement, collision theory, activation energy, catalysts, Maxwell–Boltzmann distributions, rate equations, reaction order, rate constants, reaction mechanisms, molecularity, and the Arrhenius equation.
Chemical Equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium, the equilibrium law, equilibrium constants, Le Chatelier’s principle, the reaction quotient, equilibrium problem-solving, and the links between equilibrium and Gibbs energy.
6Topic 6
Mechanisms of Chemical Change
Acids and bases, redox, radicals and organic pathways
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Topic 6
Mechanisms of Chemical Change
Acids and bases, redox, radicals and organic pathways
Proton Transfer
Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases, conjugate pairs, amphiprotic species, pH, pOH, the ion product of water, strong and weak acids, neutralisation, pH curves, acid–base constants, salt hydrolysis, indicators, buffers, and buffer calculations.
Electron Transfer
Oxidation and reduction, half-equations, redox tendency, acids with metals, primary and secondary cells, electrolysis, alcohol oxidation, organic reduction reactions, the hydrogen electrode, standard cell potentials, Gibbs energy and electrochemical cells, aqueous electrolysis, and electroplating.
Radical Reactions
Radicals, homolytic fission, and the halogenation of alkanes.
Organic Reaction Pathways
Nucleophilic substitution, heterolytic fission, electrophilic addition, Lewis acids and bases, coordination bonds, halogenoalkane substitution, substitution rates, addition mechanisms, unsymmetrical alkene reactions, and electrophilic substitution in benzene.
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Read the Revision Notes before tackling exam questions.